Herman Willem Daendels

 

Herman Willem Daendels (Hattem, Gelderland, October 21, 1762 – St. George d'Elmina (Dutch Gold Coast, now part of Ghana), May 2, 1818) was a Dutch politician who served as the 36th Governor General of the Dutch East Indies between 1808 - 1811.

Early life 

Born in Hattem, Netherlands, on the 21 October 1762, he was the son of Burchard Johan Daendels, the mayoral secretary, and Josina Christina Tulleken. He studied law at the University of Harderwijk, acquiring his doctorate on 10 April 1783.

Political Activity

In 1785, he sided with the Patriots, who had seized power in several Dutch cities. In 1786 he defended the city of Hattem against stadholderian troops. In 1787, he defended Amsterdam against the Prussian army that invaded the Netherlands to restore William V of Orange. After William V was in power again, he fled to France because of a death sentence. Daendels was close witness to the French revolution.

He returned to the Netherlands in 1794, as a general in the French revolutionary army of general Charles Pichegru and commander of the Batavian Legion. Daendels helped unitarian politician Pieter Vreede to power in a coup d'état on 25 January 1798. The group behind Vreede was dissatisfied with the conservative-moderate majority in parliament, which tried to prevent the formulation of a more democratic, centralistic constitution. The reign of Vreede did not bring the expected results, however, and Daendels supported another coup d'état against Vreede on 14 June 1798. In the Batavian Republic Daendels occupied several political offices, but he had to step down when he failed to prevent the Anglo-Russian Invasion of Holland in 1799, and became a farmer in Heerde, Gelderland.

Military and colonial career

Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies

Louis Bonaparte made him colonel-general in 1806 and Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies in 1807. After a long voyage, he arrived in the city of Batavia (now Jakarta) on the 5 January 1808 and relieved the former Governor General, Albertus Wiese. His primary task was to rid the island of Java of the British Army, which he promptly achieved.^{[citation needed]} He built new hospitals and military barracks, a new arms factories in Surabaya and Semarang, and a new military college in Batavia. He demolished the Castle in Batavia and replaced it with a new fort at Meester Cornelis (Jatinegara), and built Fort Lodewijk in Surabaya. However, his best-known achievement was the construction of the Great Post Road (Indonesian: Jalan Raya Pos) across northern Java. The road now serves as the main road in the island of Java, called Jalur Pantura. The thousand-kilometre road was completed in only one year, during which thousands of Javanese forced labourers died.

He displayed a firm attitude towards the Javanese rulers, with the result that the rulers were willing to work with the British against the Dutch. He also subjected the population of Java to forced labour (Rodi). There were some rebellious actions against this, such as those in Cadas Pangeran, West Java.

There is considerable debate as to whether he increased the efficiency of the local bureaucracy and reduced corruption, although he certainly enriched himself during this period.

General in Napoleon's Grande Armée

When the Kingdom of Holland was incorporated into France in 1810, Daendels returned to Holland. He was appointed a Divisional General (Major General) and commanded the 26th Division of the Grande Armée in Napoleon's invasion of Russia.

Governor-General of the Dutch Gold Coast

After the fall of Napoleon, king Willem I and the new Dutch government feared that Daendels could become an influential and powerful opposition leader and effectively banned him from the Netherlands by appointing him Governor-General of the Dutch Gold Coast (now part of Ghana). In the aftermath of the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade, Daendels tried to redevelop the rather dilapidated Dutch possessions as an African plantation colony driven by legitimate trade. Drawing on his experience from the East Indies, he came up with some very ambitious infrastructural projects, including a comprehensive road system, with a main road connecting Elmina and Kumasi in Ashanti. The Dutch government gave him a free hand and a substantial budget to implement his plans. At the same time, however, Daendels regarded his governorship as an opportunity to establish a private business monopoly in the Dutch Gold Coast.

Eventually none of the plans came to fruition, as Daendels died of malaria in the castle of St. George d'Elmina, the Dutch seat of government, on 8 May 1818. His body was interred in the central tomb at the Dutch cemetery in Elmina town. He had been in the country less than two years.

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Dinosaurus

 
Dinosaurus (Yunani δεινόσαυρος, deinosauros) adalah hewan bertulang belakang dominan di ekosistem darat selama lebih dari 160 juta tahun, dari periode Trias Tua (sekitar 230 juta tahun yang lalu) sampai dengan akhir periode Kapur (sekitar 65 juta tahun yang lalu), ketika banyak dari mereka punah pada peristiwa kepunahan Kapur-Tersier. Sepuluh ribuan jenis burung yang hidup sekarang telah diklasifikasikan sebagai dinosaurus.

Penemuan burung primitif tahun 1861 Archaeopteryx pertamakalinya memberi petunjuk kekerabatan erat antara dinosaurus dan burung. Selain adanya kesan bulu yang memfosil, Archaeopteryx sangat mirip dinosaurus pemangsa berukuran kecil Compsognathus. Sejak itu penelitian telah mengidentifikasi dinosaurus theropoda paling mungkin sebagai moyang langsung dari burung; kebanyakan paleontolog sekarang menganggap burung sebagai satu-satunya dinosaurus yang masih bertahan, dan beberapa menyarankan bahwa dinosaurus dan burung mesti dikelompokkan dalam satu kelas biologi.^[1] Selain burung, buaya adalah kerabat dekat lain dari dinosaurus yang bertahan sampai kini.. Seperti dinosaurus dan burung, buaya juga anggota Archosauria, kelompok reptil yang muncul pertama kali pada periode Perm sangat tua dan mendominasi pada periode Trias tengah.

Selama paruh pertama dari abad ke 20, banyak komunitas ilmuwan percaya dinosaurus sebagai hewan berdarah dingin yang bodoh dan lambat. Namun, banyak penelitian yang dilakukan sejak tahun 1970-an (disebut renaisans dinosaurus) telah mendukung pandangan bahwa dinosaurus adalah binatang yang aktif dengan metabolisme yang tinggi dan adaptasi yang beragam untuk interaksi sosial. Perubahan yang dihasilkan pada pemahaman ilmiah tentang dinosaurus lambat laun tersaring menjadi kesadaran populer.

Sejak fosil dinosaurus pertama dikenali pada awal abad sembilan belas, rangka dinosaurus yang dirangkai menjadi pertunjukan yang poluler di museum-museum di seluruh dunia. Dinosaurus menjadi budaya dunia dan terus populer. Mereka menjadi topik di buku-buku terlaris dan film-film (paling dikenal Jurassic Park), dan penemuan-penemuan baru secara teratur diungkapkan di media
Istilah "dinosaurus" (Inggris, dinosaur) dikemukakan tahun 1842 oleh Sir Richard Owen dan bersal dari bahasa Yunani δεινός (deinos) "mengerikan, kuat, hebat" + σαῦρος (sauros) "kadal". Istilah dinosaurus kadang-kadang digunakan secara tidak resmi untuk menggambarkan reptil prasejarah lain seperti pelycosaurus Dimetrodon, pterosaurus yang bersayap, serta ichthyosaurus, plesiosaurus dan mosasaurus, meskipun tak satupun dari hewan-hewan ini yang merupakan dinosaurus.

Etimologi

Takson Dinosauria dinamai secara formal tahun 1842 oleh seorang paleontolog Inggris Richard Owen, yang menggunakanna untuk merujuk pada "suku atau sub-ordo dari reptil Sauria" yang kemudian dikenal di Inggris dan seluruh dunia. Istilah tersebut didapat dari kata bahasa Yunani kuno δεινός (deinos yang berarti "mengerikan", "kuat", atau "hebat") dan σαύρα (saura yang berarti "kadal" or "reptil"). Meskipun nama taksonomik tersebut sering diinterpretasikan sebagai rujukan pada gigi, cakar, dan ciri mengerikan lain dari dinosaurus, Owen hanya bermaksud mengingatkan tentang ukuran dan keangungan mereka. Dalam bahasa Inggris sehari-hari "dinosaur" kadang-kadang dipakai untuk menggambarkan benda atau orang kolot atau gagal, meski dinosaurus berkuasa 160 juta tahun dan keturunannya, burung, berjumlah banyak serta beraneka ragam di seluruh dunia.

 

Nama-nama Dinosaurus

1. Allosaurus
2. Anatotitan
3. Ankylosaurus
4. Brachiosaurus
5. Coelophysis
6. Cryptoclidus
7. Cynodont
8. Deinonychus
9. Diplodocus
10. Eustreptospondylus
11. Iguanodon
12. Leaellynasaura
13. Liopleurodon
14. Muttaburrasaurus
15. Ophthalmosaurus
16. Ornithocheirus
17. Placerias
18. Plateosaurus
19. Polacathus
20. Postosuchus
21. Rhamphorhynchus
22. Stegosaurus
23. Tapejara
24. Torosaurus
25. Tyrannosaurus Rex
26. Utahraptor
27. Abelisaurus
28. Acrocanthosaurus
29. Albertosaurus
30. Alioramus
31. Carcharodontosaurus
32. Daspletosaurus
33. Eocarcharia
34. Giganotosaurus
35. Gorgosaurus
36. Mapusaurus
37. Metriacanthosaurus
38. Rajasaurus
39. Saurophaganax
40. Siamotyrannus
41. Tarbosaurus
42. Torvosaurus
43. Yangchuanosaurus
44. Augustina
45. Amargasaurus
46. Ampelosaurus
47. Baryonyx
48. Brontosaurus
49. Camarasaurus
50. Cetiosaurus
51. Dicraeosaurus
52. Futabasaurus
53. Gondwanatitan
54. Irritator
55. Isisaurus
56. Jobaria
57. Nemegtosaurus
58. Opisthocoelicaudia
59. Patagosaurus
60. Saltasaurus
61. Shunosaurus
62. Spinosaurus
63. Suchomimus
64. Titanosaurus
65. Achelousaurus
66. Albertaceratops
67. Anchiceratops
68. Arrhinoceratops
69. Brachyceratops
70. Centrosarus
71. Chasmosaurus
72. Diceratops
73. Einiosaurus
74. Eucentrosaurus
75. Monoclonius
76. Pachyrhinosaurus
77. Pentaceratops
78. Styracosaurus
79. Triceratops
80. Udanoceratops
81. Zuniceratops
82. Dancetrurus
83. Edmontonia
84. Euoplocephalus
85. Gastonia
86. Gigantspinosaurus
87. Kentrosaurus
88. Lexovisaurus
89. Minmi
90. Nodosaurus
91. Panaloposaurus
92. Pinacosaurus
93. Saichania
94. Sauropelta
95. Talasaurus
96. Tarchia
97. Tuojiangosaurus
98. Wuerhosaurus
99. Altirhinus
100. Brachylophosaurus
101. Camptosaurus
102. Charonosaurus
103. Corythosaurus
104. Edmontosaurus
105. Fukuisaurus
106. Lambeosaurus
107. Lanzhousaurus
108. Maiasaura
109. Olorotitan
110. Ouranasaurus
111. Parasaurolophus
112. Prosaurolophus
113. Saurolophus
114. Shantungosaurus
115. Tsitaosaurus
116. Afrovenator
117. Carnotaurus
118. Ceratosaurus
119. Deltadromeus
120. Dilophosaurus
121. Fukuiraptor
122. Gallimimus
123. Gojirasaurus
124. Indosuchus
125. Liliensternus
126. Majungasaurus
127. Megaraptor
128. Monolophosaurus
129. Neovenator
130. Piatnitzkysaurus
131. Rugops
132. Sinraptor
133. Szechuanosaurus
134. Troodon
135. Velociraptor
136. Cryolophosaurus
137. Eoraptor
138. Megalosaurus
139. Pachycephalosaurus
140. Pawpawsaurus
141. Therizinosaurus
142. Anhanguera
143. Archaeopteryx
144. Dromiceiomimus
145. Quetzalcoatlus
146. Segnosaurus
147. Stegoceras
148. Struthiomimus
149. Tapejara
150. Tupuxara
151. Muraenosaurus
152. Oviraptor
153. Pteranodon
154. Seismosaurus
155. Supersaurus

 

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Salah Satu Puisi Terkenal di Inggris

Samuel Taylor Coleridge, pada suatu waktu terbangun setelah mendapatkan mimpi yg indah, dia lalu segera menuliskannya di kertas untuk menggambarkan mimpinya tadi, setelah menulis 54 baris tiba-2 ada orang yg datang kerumahnya. Setelah urusan dg orang itu selesai Samuel bermaksud menyelesaikan puisinya tadi, tapi dia tdk berhasil mengingat lagi mimpinya. Puisinya itu tidak pernah selesai.

Puisi yg tidak pernah terselesaikan itu berjudul “Kubla Khan” dan menjadi salah satu puisi paling terkenal di Inggris.



Kubla Khan

In Xanadu did Kubla Khan
A stately pleasure-dome decree:
Where Alph, the sacred river, ran
Through caverns measureless to man
Down to a sunless sea.

So twice five miles of fertile ground
With walls and towers were girdled round:
And there were gardens bright with sinuous rills,
Where blossomed many an incense-bearing tree;
And here were forests ancient as the hills,
Enfolding sunny spots of greenery.

But oh! that deep romantic chasm which slanted
Down the green hill athwart a cedarn cover!
A savage place! as holy and enchanted
As e’er beneath a waning moon was haunted
By woman wailing for her demon-lover!
And from this chasm, with ceaseless turmoil seething,
As if this earth in fast thick pants were breathing,
A mighty fountain momently was forced:
Amid whose swift half-intermitted burst
Huge fragments vaulted like rebounding hail,
Or chaffy grain beneath the thresher’s flail:
And ‘mid these dancing rocks at once and ever
It flung up momently the sacred river.
Five miles meandering with a mazy motion
Through wood and dale the sacred river ran,
Then reached the caverns measureless to man,
And sank in tumult to a lifeless ocean:
And ‘mid this tumult Kubla heard from far
Ancestral voices prophesying war!

The shadow of the dome of pleasure
Floated midway on the waves;
Where was heard the mingled measure
From the fountain and the caves.
It was a miracle of rare device,
A sunny pleasure-dome with caves of ice!

A damsel with a dulcimer
In a vision once I saw:
It was an Abyssinian maid,
And on her dulcimer she played,
Singing of Mount Abora.
Could I revive within me
Her symphony and song,
To such a deep delight ‘twould win me
That with music loud and long
I would build that dome in air,
That sunny dome! those caves of ice!
And all who heard should see them there,
And all should cry, Beware! Beware!
His flashing eyes, his floating hair!
Weave a circle round him thrice,
And close your eyes with holy dread,
For he on honey-dew hath fed
And drunk the milk of Paradise.

dan Samuel tdk berhasil mengingat lagi mimpinya.
Puisinya itu tidak pernah selesai..

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