Herman Willem Daendels

 

Herman Willem Daendels (Hattem, Gelderland, October 21, 1762 – St. George d'Elmina (Dutch Gold Coast, now part of Ghana), May 2, 1818) was a Dutch politician who served as the 36th Governor General of the Dutch East Indies between 1808 - 1811.

Early life 

Born in Hattem, Netherlands, on the 21 October 1762, he was the son of Burchard Johan Daendels, the mayoral secretary, and Josina Christina Tulleken. He studied law at the University of Harderwijk, acquiring his doctorate on 10 April 1783.

Political Activity

In 1785, he sided with the Patriots, who had seized power in several Dutch cities. In 1786 he defended the city of Hattem against stadholderian troops. In 1787, he defended Amsterdam against the Prussian army that invaded the Netherlands to restore William V of Orange. After William V was in power again, he fled to France because of a death sentence. Daendels was close witness to the French revolution.

He returned to the Netherlands in 1794, as a general in the French revolutionary army of general Charles Pichegru and commander of the Batavian Legion. Daendels helped unitarian politician Pieter Vreede to power in a coup d'état on 25 January 1798. The group behind Vreede was dissatisfied with the conservative-moderate majority in parliament, which tried to prevent the formulation of a more democratic, centralistic constitution. The reign of Vreede did not bring the expected results, however, and Daendels supported another coup d'état against Vreede on 14 June 1798. In the Batavian Republic Daendels occupied several political offices, but he had to step down when he failed to prevent the Anglo-Russian Invasion of Holland in 1799, and became a farmer in Heerde, Gelderland.

Military and colonial career

Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies

Louis Bonaparte made him colonel-general in 1806 and Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies in 1807. After a long voyage, he arrived in the city of Batavia (now Jakarta) on the 5 January 1808 and relieved the former Governor General, Albertus Wiese. His primary task was to rid the island of Java of the British Army, which he promptly achieved.^{[citation needed]} He built new hospitals and military barracks, a new arms factories in Surabaya and Semarang, and a new military college in Batavia. He demolished the Castle in Batavia and replaced it with a new fort at Meester Cornelis (Jatinegara), and built Fort Lodewijk in Surabaya. However, his best-known achievement was the construction of the Great Post Road (Indonesian: Jalan Raya Pos) across northern Java. The road now serves as the main road in the island of Java, called Jalur Pantura. The thousand-kilometre road was completed in only one year, during which thousands of Javanese forced labourers died.

He displayed a firm attitude towards the Javanese rulers, with the result that the rulers were willing to work with the British against the Dutch. He also subjected the population of Java to forced labour (Rodi). There were some rebellious actions against this, such as those in Cadas Pangeran, West Java.

There is considerable debate as to whether he increased the efficiency of the local bureaucracy and reduced corruption, although he certainly enriched himself during this period.

General in Napoleon's Grande Armée

When the Kingdom of Holland was incorporated into France in 1810, Daendels returned to Holland. He was appointed a Divisional General (Major General) and commanded the 26th Division of the Grande Armée in Napoleon's invasion of Russia.

Governor-General of the Dutch Gold Coast

After the fall of Napoleon, king Willem I and the new Dutch government feared that Daendels could become an influential and powerful opposition leader and effectively banned him from the Netherlands by appointing him Governor-General of the Dutch Gold Coast (now part of Ghana). In the aftermath of the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade, Daendels tried to redevelop the rather dilapidated Dutch possessions as an African plantation colony driven by legitimate trade. Drawing on his experience from the East Indies, he came up with some very ambitious infrastructural projects, including a comprehensive road system, with a main road connecting Elmina and Kumasi in Ashanti. The Dutch government gave him a free hand and a substantial budget to implement his plans. At the same time, however, Daendels regarded his governorship as an opportunity to establish a private business monopoly in the Dutch Gold Coast.

Eventually none of the plans came to fruition, as Daendels died of malaria in the castle of St. George d'Elmina, the Dutch seat of government, on 8 May 1818. His body was interred in the central tomb at the Dutch cemetery in Elmina town. He had been in the country less than two years.

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Dinosaurus

 
Dinosaurus (Yunani δεινόσαυρος, deinosauros) adalah hewan bertulang belakang dominan di ekosistem darat selama lebih dari 160 juta tahun, dari periode Trias Tua (sekitar 230 juta tahun yang lalu) sampai dengan akhir periode Kapur (sekitar 65 juta tahun yang lalu), ketika banyak dari mereka punah pada peristiwa kepunahan Kapur-Tersier. Sepuluh ribuan jenis burung yang hidup sekarang telah diklasifikasikan sebagai dinosaurus.

Penemuan burung primitif tahun 1861 Archaeopteryx pertamakalinya memberi petunjuk kekerabatan erat antara dinosaurus dan burung. Selain adanya kesan bulu yang memfosil, Archaeopteryx sangat mirip dinosaurus pemangsa berukuran kecil Compsognathus. Sejak itu penelitian telah mengidentifikasi dinosaurus theropoda paling mungkin sebagai moyang langsung dari burung; kebanyakan paleontolog sekarang menganggap burung sebagai satu-satunya dinosaurus yang masih bertahan, dan beberapa menyarankan bahwa dinosaurus dan burung mesti dikelompokkan dalam satu kelas biologi.^[1] Selain burung, buaya adalah kerabat dekat lain dari dinosaurus yang bertahan sampai kini.. Seperti dinosaurus dan burung, buaya juga anggota Archosauria, kelompok reptil yang muncul pertama kali pada periode Perm sangat tua dan mendominasi pada periode Trias tengah.

Selama paruh pertama dari abad ke 20, banyak komunitas ilmuwan percaya dinosaurus sebagai hewan berdarah dingin yang bodoh dan lambat. Namun, banyak penelitian yang dilakukan sejak tahun 1970-an (disebut renaisans dinosaurus) telah mendukung pandangan bahwa dinosaurus adalah binatang yang aktif dengan metabolisme yang tinggi dan adaptasi yang beragam untuk interaksi sosial. Perubahan yang dihasilkan pada pemahaman ilmiah tentang dinosaurus lambat laun tersaring menjadi kesadaran populer.

Sejak fosil dinosaurus pertama dikenali pada awal abad sembilan belas, rangka dinosaurus yang dirangkai menjadi pertunjukan yang poluler di museum-museum di seluruh dunia. Dinosaurus menjadi budaya dunia dan terus populer. Mereka menjadi topik di buku-buku terlaris dan film-film (paling dikenal Jurassic Park), dan penemuan-penemuan baru secara teratur diungkapkan di media
Istilah "dinosaurus" (Inggris, dinosaur) dikemukakan tahun 1842 oleh Sir Richard Owen dan bersal dari bahasa Yunani δεινός (deinos) "mengerikan, kuat, hebat" + σαῦρος (sauros) "kadal". Istilah dinosaurus kadang-kadang digunakan secara tidak resmi untuk menggambarkan reptil prasejarah lain seperti pelycosaurus Dimetrodon, pterosaurus yang bersayap, serta ichthyosaurus, plesiosaurus dan mosasaurus, meskipun tak satupun dari hewan-hewan ini yang merupakan dinosaurus.

Etimologi

Takson Dinosauria dinamai secara formal tahun 1842 oleh seorang paleontolog Inggris Richard Owen, yang menggunakanna untuk merujuk pada "suku atau sub-ordo dari reptil Sauria" yang kemudian dikenal di Inggris dan seluruh dunia. Istilah tersebut didapat dari kata bahasa Yunani kuno δεινός (deinos yang berarti "mengerikan", "kuat", atau "hebat") dan σαύρα (saura yang berarti "kadal" or "reptil"). Meskipun nama taksonomik tersebut sering diinterpretasikan sebagai rujukan pada gigi, cakar, dan ciri mengerikan lain dari dinosaurus, Owen hanya bermaksud mengingatkan tentang ukuran dan keangungan mereka. Dalam bahasa Inggris sehari-hari "dinosaur" kadang-kadang dipakai untuk menggambarkan benda atau orang kolot atau gagal, meski dinosaurus berkuasa 160 juta tahun dan keturunannya, burung, berjumlah banyak serta beraneka ragam di seluruh dunia.

 

Nama-nama Dinosaurus

1. Allosaurus
2. Anatotitan
3. Ankylosaurus
4. Brachiosaurus
5. Coelophysis
6. Cryptoclidus
7. Cynodont
8. Deinonychus
9. Diplodocus
10. Eustreptospondylus
11. Iguanodon
12. Leaellynasaura
13. Liopleurodon
14. Muttaburrasaurus
15. Ophthalmosaurus
16. Ornithocheirus
17. Placerias
18. Plateosaurus
19. Polacathus
20. Postosuchus
21. Rhamphorhynchus
22. Stegosaurus
23. Tapejara
24. Torosaurus
25. Tyrannosaurus Rex
26. Utahraptor
27. Abelisaurus
28. Acrocanthosaurus
29. Albertosaurus
30. Alioramus
31. Carcharodontosaurus
32. Daspletosaurus
33. Eocarcharia
34. Giganotosaurus
35. Gorgosaurus
36. Mapusaurus
37. Metriacanthosaurus
38. Rajasaurus
39. Saurophaganax
40. Siamotyrannus
41. Tarbosaurus
42. Torvosaurus
43. Yangchuanosaurus
44. Augustina
45. Amargasaurus
46. Ampelosaurus
47. Baryonyx
48. Brontosaurus
49. Camarasaurus
50. Cetiosaurus
51. Dicraeosaurus
52. Futabasaurus
53. Gondwanatitan
54. Irritator
55. Isisaurus
56. Jobaria
57. Nemegtosaurus
58. Opisthocoelicaudia
59. Patagosaurus
60. Saltasaurus
61. Shunosaurus
62. Spinosaurus
63. Suchomimus
64. Titanosaurus
65. Achelousaurus
66. Albertaceratops
67. Anchiceratops
68. Arrhinoceratops
69. Brachyceratops
70. Centrosarus
71. Chasmosaurus
72. Diceratops
73. Einiosaurus
74. Eucentrosaurus
75. Monoclonius
76. Pachyrhinosaurus
77. Pentaceratops
78. Styracosaurus
79. Triceratops
80. Udanoceratops
81. Zuniceratops
82. Dancetrurus
83. Edmontonia
84. Euoplocephalus
85. Gastonia
86. Gigantspinosaurus
87. Kentrosaurus
88. Lexovisaurus
89. Minmi
90. Nodosaurus
91. Panaloposaurus
92. Pinacosaurus
93. Saichania
94. Sauropelta
95. Talasaurus
96. Tarchia
97. Tuojiangosaurus
98. Wuerhosaurus
99. Altirhinus
100. Brachylophosaurus
101. Camptosaurus
102. Charonosaurus
103. Corythosaurus
104. Edmontosaurus
105. Fukuisaurus
106. Lambeosaurus
107. Lanzhousaurus
108. Maiasaura
109. Olorotitan
110. Ouranasaurus
111. Parasaurolophus
112. Prosaurolophus
113. Saurolophus
114. Shantungosaurus
115. Tsitaosaurus
116. Afrovenator
117. Carnotaurus
118. Ceratosaurus
119. Deltadromeus
120. Dilophosaurus
121. Fukuiraptor
122. Gallimimus
123. Gojirasaurus
124. Indosuchus
125. Liliensternus
126. Majungasaurus
127. Megaraptor
128. Monolophosaurus
129. Neovenator
130. Piatnitzkysaurus
131. Rugops
132. Sinraptor
133. Szechuanosaurus
134. Troodon
135. Velociraptor
136. Cryolophosaurus
137. Eoraptor
138. Megalosaurus
139. Pachycephalosaurus
140. Pawpawsaurus
141. Therizinosaurus
142. Anhanguera
143. Archaeopteryx
144. Dromiceiomimus
145. Quetzalcoatlus
146. Segnosaurus
147. Stegoceras
148. Struthiomimus
149. Tapejara
150. Tupuxara
151. Muraenosaurus
152. Oviraptor
153. Pteranodon
154. Seismosaurus
155. Supersaurus

 

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Salah Satu Puisi Terkenal di Inggris

Samuel Taylor Coleridge, pada suatu waktu terbangun setelah mendapatkan mimpi yg indah, dia lalu segera menuliskannya di kertas untuk menggambarkan mimpinya tadi, setelah menulis 54 baris tiba-2 ada orang yg datang kerumahnya. Setelah urusan dg orang itu selesai Samuel bermaksud menyelesaikan puisinya tadi, tapi dia tdk berhasil mengingat lagi mimpinya. Puisinya itu tidak pernah selesai.

Puisi yg tidak pernah terselesaikan itu berjudul “Kubla Khan” dan menjadi salah satu puisi paling terkenal di Inggris.



Kubla Khan

In Xanadu did Kubla Khan
A stately pleasure-dome decree:
Where Alph, the sacred river, ran
Through caverns measureless to man
Down to a sunless sea.

So twice five miles of fertile ground
With walls and towers were girdled round:
And there were gardens bright with sinuous rills,
Where blossomed many an incense-bearing tree;
And here were forests ancient as the hills,
Enfolding sunny spots of greenery.

But oh! that deep romantic chasm which slanted
Down the green hill athwart a cedarn cover!
A savage place! as holy and enchanted
As e’er beneath a waning moon was haunted
By woman wailing for her demon-lover!
And from this chasm, with ceaseless turmoil seething,
As if this earth in fast thick pants were breathing,
A mighty fountain momently was forced:
Amid whose swift half-intermitted burst
Huge fragments vaulted like rebounding hail,
Or chaffy grain beneath the thresher’s flail:
And ‘mid these dancing rocks at once and ever
It flung up momently the sacred river.
Five miles meandering with a mazy motion
Through wood and dale the sacred river ran,
Then reached the caverns measureless to man,
And sank in tumult to a lifeless ocean:
And ‘mid this tumult Kubla heard from far
Ancestral voices prophesying war!

The shadow of the dome of pleasure
Floated midway on the waves;
Where was heard the mingled measure
From the fountain and the caves.
It was a miracle of rare device,
A sunny pleasure-dome with caves of ice!

A damsel with a dulcimer
In a vision once I saw:
It was an Abyssinian maid,
And on her dulcimer she played,
Singing of Mount Abora.
Could I revive within me
Her symphony and song,
To such a deep delight ‘twould win me
That with music loud and long
I would build that dome in air,
That sunny dome! those caves of ice!
And all who heard should see them there,
And all should cry, Beware! Beware!
His flashing eyes, his floating hair!
Weave a circle round him thrice,
And close your eyes with holy dread,
For he on honey-dew hath fed
And drunk the milk of Paradise.

dan Samuel tdk berhasil mengingat lagi mimpinya.
Puisinya itu tidak pernah selesai..

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Makanan sesuai golongan darah

Menurut hasil penelitian Dr Peter J. d’Adamo dalam buku Eat Right for Your Type, ternyata ada jenis makanan tertentu yang baik dikonsumsi oleh orang dengan golongan darah tertentu, begitu juga sebaliknya. Orang yang bergolongan darah “O” misalnya, ternyata sebaiknya tidak mengkonsumsi kopi atau teh dapat menghambat aliran energi yang dimiliki.
Sebagaimana diketahui, ada empat golongan darah yang dikenal yaitu O, A, B, dan AB. Keempatnya berlaku untuk seluruh ras manusia. Entah itu orang asia, kaukasus, afrika, amerika atau australia.
Nah ide d’Adamo didasarkan pada fakta yang menyatakan bahwa golongan darah “O” banyak dimiliki orang zaman pra sejarah saat mereka masih mencari makan dengan cara berburu. Itu sebabnya, menurut teori itu, orang modern yang memiliki golongan darah “O” sangat baik mengkonsumsi makanan yang kaya akan lemak dan protein.
Golongan darah “A” yang baru diketahui belakangan saat pertanian ditemukan membuat para pemiliknya serta pemilik golongan darah “AB” lebih baik mengkonsumsi makanan yang kaya akan biji-bijian dan karbohidrat. Sementara para pemilik golongan darah “B” berada diantara “O” dan “A”.
Menurut teori itu, orang yang bergolongan darah “B” tidak dapat membakar lemak seefisien kaum “O”, sama halnya mereka tak bisa membakar karbohidrat sebaik pemilik golongan darah “A”.
Berikut beberapa jenis makanan yang cocok sesuai golongan darah.

Jenis makanan: Produk Susu
Golongan A: kefir, mozzarella cheese, ricotta cheese, soy cheese, soy milk
Golongan AB: yoghurt, cottage cheese, farmer cheese, feta cheese, goat cheese, kefir, susu kambing, mozzarella cheese, rice milk, ricotta cheese
Golongan B: yoghurt, cottage cheese, farmer cheese, feta cheese, goat cheese, kefir, susu kambing, mozzarella cheese, paneer, rice milk, ricotta cheese
Golongan O: rice milk

Jenis makanan: Ikan
Golongan A: carp, cod, mackerel, monkfish, pickerel, red snapper, salmon, sardine, trout
Golongan AB: cod, mackerel, monkfish, pickerel, red snapper, sardine, trout, tuna
Golongan B: caviar, cod, halibut, mackerel, monkfish, pickerel, salmon, sardine, trout
Golongan O: bluefish, cod, halibut, herring/kippers, mackerel, monkfish, red snapper, salmon, sardine, snapper, trout, tuna

Jenis makanan: Daging
Golongan A: jantung, hati, sapi
Golongan AB: lamb, mutton, kelinci, kalkun
Golongan B: lamb, mutton, kelinci, menjangan
Golongan O: kerbau, lamb, mutton, kalkun, menjangan

Jenis makanan: Buah-buahan
Golongan A: aprikot, blackberry, blueberry, cherry, lemon, nanas, plum
Golongan AB: cherry, berry, anggur, kiwi, lemon, pepaya, nanas, plum
Golongan B: pisang, anggur, pepaya, nanas, plum
Golongan O: pisang, blueberry, cherry, berry, jambu batu, nanas, plum

Jenis makanan: Sayuran
Golongan A: bit, brokoli, wortel, bawang putih, jahe, lettuce, bawang, labu kuning, bayam
Golongan AB: bit, brokoli, wortel (jus), celery, terong, bawang putih, kentang
Golongan B: bit, brokoli, kol, wortel, terong, jahe, merica, kentang
Golongan O: bit, brokoli, bawang putih, lettuce, bawang, merica, kentang, labu kuning, bayam.

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Macapat

Macapat iku tembang tradhisional ing tanah Jawa. Saben bait macapat nduwèni baris kalimat sing diarani gatra, lan saben gatra nduwé sawetara guru wilangan (suku kata) tinamtu, lan dipungkasi nganggo uni pungkasan sing diarani guru lagu. Macapat kanthi jeneng sing béda uga bisa ditemokaké jroning kabudayan Bali, Sasak, Madura, lan Sunda. Sajabané kuwi macapat uga naté ditemokaké ing Palembang lan Banjarmasin. Biasané macapat dimaknani minangka maca papat-papat, yaiku cara maca saben patang wanda (suku kata). Nanging bab iki dudu siji-sijiné makna, penafsiran liya uga ana.Macapat dikira muncul ing pungkasan jaman Majapahit lan wiwitané pengaruh Walisanga, nanging bab iki mung kanggo kahanan ing Jawa Tengah. Sebab ing Jawa Wétan lan Bali macapat wis dikenal sadurungé teka Islam.
Karya-karya kasusastran klasik Jawa saka jaman Mataram Anyar, umumé ditulis nganggo metrum macapat. Sawijining tulisan jroning wangun prosa utawa gancaran umumé ora dianggep minangka asil karya sastra nanging mung kayadéné 'daftar isi' waé. Sawetara conto karya sastra Jawa sing ditulis jroning tembang macapat kalebu Serat Wedhatama, Serat Wulangreh, lan Serat Kalatidha.
Puisi tradisional Jawa utawa tembang biasané dipérang dadi telung kategori: tembang cilik, tembang tengahan lan tembang gedhé. Macapat digolongaké kategori tembang cilik lan uga tembang tengahan, déné tembang gedhé arupa kakawin utawa puisi tradhisional Jawa Kuna, nanging ing jaman Mataram Anyar, ora dipatrapaké prabédan antara suku kata dawa lan cendhak. Saliyané kuwi tembang tengahan uga bisa ngarujuk marang kidung, puisi tradhisional jroning basa Jawa Tengahan.
Yèn dibandhingaké karo kakawin, aturan-aturan jroning macapat kuwi béda lan luwih gampang dipatrapaké jroning basa Jawa amarga béda karo kakawin sing didhasaraké marang basa Sangskerta, jroning macapat prabédan antara suku kata dawa lan cendhak dilirwakaké.
Aturan-aturan jroning macapat mau antara liya:

• Guru gatra : wilangan larik/gatra saben pada (Indonesia: bait).
• Guru wilangan : wilangan wanda (Indonesia: suku kata) saben gatra.
• Guru lagu : tibané swara wanda ing pungkasan ing saben gatra.

Déné, tembang utawa sekar sejatiné ana werna-werna. Lumrahé dipérang dadi telung jenis, yaiku: Sekar alit, sekar tengahan lan sekar ageng.

Étimologi

Macapat kerep dijarwakaké minangka maca papat-papat awit carané maca pancèn rinakit saben patang wanda.Nanging iki dudu siji-sijiné makna, penafsiran liyané uga ana.. Sawijining pakar Sastra Jawa, Arps ngandaraké sawetara makna liya ing bukuné Tembang in two traditions.
Sajabané sing wis kasebut ing dhuwur, makna liya yakuwi tembung -pat ngarujuk marang cacahing tandha diakritis (sandhangan) jroning aksara Jawa sing relevan jroning panembangan macapat.
Banjur miturut Serat Mardawalagu, sing dikarang d’ening Ranggawarsita, macapat minangka cekakan saka frasa maca-pat-lagu sing tegesé "nglgokaké nada kapapat". Saliyané maca-pat-lagu, isih ana manèh maca-sa-lagu, maca-ro-lagu lan maca-tri-lagu. Miturut ujaring kandha maca-sa klebu kategori paling tuwa lan diciptakaké déning para Déwa lan diturunaké marang pandita Walmiki lan ditangkaraké déning sang pujangga istana Yogiswara saka Kedhiri. Nyatané iki klebu kategori sing saiki disebut kanthi jeneng tembang gedhé. Maca-ro klebu tipe tembang gedhé yakuwi cacahing ‘’bait’’ (pada?) saben pupuh bisa kurang saka papat sauntara kuwi cacahing sukukata (wanda?) jroning saben bait (pada) ora mesthi padha lan diciptakaké déning Yogiswara. Maca-tri utawa kategori sing katelu yakuwi tembang tengahan sing miturut ujar diciptakaké déning Resi Wiratmaka, pandhita istana Janggala lan disampurnakaké déning Pangeran Panji Inokartapati lan saduluré. Wusanané, macapat utawa tembang cilik diciptakaké déning Sunan Bonang lan diturunaké marang para wali.

Sajarah

Macapat minangka sebutan metrum puisi jawa tengahan lan jawa anyar, sing nganti saiki isih ditresnani masarakat, nyatané pancèn angèl dilacak sajarahé. Poerbatjaraka mratélakaké yèn macapat lair bebarengan karo geguritan abasa jawa tengahan, nalika macapat wiwit dikenal, durung diweruhi sacara premana. Pigeaud nduwèni panemu yèn tembang macapat dipigunakaké ing wiwitan periode Islam. Pratélan Pigeaud sing asipat informasi kira-kira iku isih perlu diupayakaké kacocogan tauné sing mesthi. Déné Karseno Saputra ngira-ira adhedhasar analisis marang sawetara panemu lan pratélan. Yèn nyata pola metrum sing dipigunakaké ing tembang macapat padha karo pola metrum tembang tengahan lan tembang macapat tuwuh ngrembaka sairing karo tembang tengahan, mula banjur dikira-kira yèn tembang macapat wis ana ing kalangan masarakat saora-orané taun 1541 masèhi. Pangira-ira iki adhedhasar angka taun sing ana ing kidung Subrata, Juga Rasa Dadi Jalma = 1643 J utawa 1541 masèhi. ( Saputra, 1992 : 14 ) Bab iki adhedhasar pola metrum macapat sing paling wiwitan sing ana ing kidung Subrata. Watara taun iku tueuh geguritan abasa jawa kuno, jawa tengahan lan jawa anyar yaiku kekawin, kidung lan macapat. Taun pangira-ira kuwi cocog uga karo panemuné Zoetmulder luwih kurang ing abad XVI ing jawa urip bebarengan telu basa, yaiku jawa kuno, jawa tengahan lan jawa anyar. Jroning Mbombong manah I ( Tejdohadi Sumarto, 1958 : 5 ) disebutaké yèn tembang macapat ( sing nyakup 11 metrum ) diciptakaké déning Prabu Dewawasesa utawa Prabu Banjaransari saka Sigaluh ing taun Jawa 1191 utawa taun Masèhi 1279. Ananging miturut sumber liya, macapat ora mung diciptakaké déning sawiji uwong, nanging déning sawetara wali lan bangsawan. ( Laginem, 1996 : 27 ). Para pancipta iku yakuwi Sunan Giri Kedaton, Sunan Giri Prapen, Sunan Bonang, Sunan Gunung Jati, Sunan Murya, Sunan Kali Jaga, Sunan Drajat, Sunan Kudus, Sunan Geseng, Sunan Majagung, Sultan Pajang, Sultan Adi Eru Cakra lan Adipati Nata Praja. Nanging miturut kajian ilmiah ana loro panemu sing nduwèni prabédan ngenani lairé macapat. Panemu sepisan mratélakaké yèn tembang macapat iku luwih tuwa tinimbang tembang gedhé lan panemu kaloro suwaliké. Kajaba panemu iku isih ana panemu liya ngenani lairé macapat adhedahsar perkembangan basa.

A). Tembang macapat luwih tuwa tinimbang tembang gedhé Panemu pisanan nganggep yèn tembang macapat luwih tuwa tinimbang tembang gedhé tanpa wretta utawa tembang gedhé kawi miring. Tembang macapat timbul ing zaman Majapahit pungkasan nalika pengaruh kabudayan Islam wiwit surut ( Danusuprapta, 1981 : 153-154 ). Diandaraké déning Purbatjaraka yèn lairé macapat bebarengan karo kidung, kanthi anggepan yèn tembang tengahan ora ana. ( Poerbatjaraka, 1952 : 72 )

B). Tembang macapat luwih anom tinimbang tembang gedhé Panemu kaloro nganggep yèn tembang macapat lair ing wektu pengaruh kabudayan Hindu tansaya tipis lan rasa kabangsan wiwit tuwuh, yaiku ing zaman Majapahit pungkasan. Lairé macapat urut-urutan karo kidung banjur muncul tembang gedhé abasa jawa pertengahan, sabanjuré muncul macapat abasa jawa anyar. Lan ing zaman Surakarta wiwitan muncul tembang gedhé kawi miring. Wangun gubahan abasa jawa anyar sing akèh disenengi yaiku kidung lan macapat. Prosès pamunculané wiwit nalika lair karya-karya abasa jawa pertengahan sing biasa disebut kitab-kitab kidung, banjur muncul karya-karya abasa jawa anyar arupa kitab-kitab suluk lan kitab-kitab niti. Kitab suluk lan kitab niti iku mènèhi sumbangan sing gedhé marang perkembangan macapat.

C). Tembang macapat adhedhasar perkembangan basa Jroning hipotesis Zoetmulder ( 1983 : 35 ) disebutaké yèn sacara linguistik basa jawa pertengahan dudu arupa pangkal basa jawa anyar, nanging arupa rong cawang singkapisah lan divergen ing basa jawa kuna. Basa jawa kuna minangka basa umum sajroning periode Hindu – Jawa nganti runtuhé Majapahit. Wiwit tekané pengaruh Islam, basa jawa kuna tuwuh miturut rong arah sing béda siji lan sijiné lan nuwuhaké basa jawa pertengahan lan basa jawa anyar. Sabanjuré, basa jawa pertengahan lan kidungé berkembang ing Bali lan basa jawa anyar kanthi macapat-é tueuh ing Jawa. Malah nganti saiki tradisi panulisan karya sastra jawa kuna lan pertengahan isih ana ing Bali.

Sekar Macapat utawa Sekar Alit

Macapat iki uga sinebut tembang macapat asli, kang umumé dienggo sumrambah ing ngendi-ngendi. Urut-urutané tembang Jawa iku padha karo lelakoning manungsa saka mulai bayi abang nganti tumekaning pati. Mungguh kaya mangkéné urut-urutané tembang kaya kang ing ngisor iki:

• Maskumambang: Gambaraké jabang bayi sing isih ono kandhutané ibuné, sing durung kawruhan lanang utawa wadon, Mas ateges durung weruh lanang utawa wadon, kumambang ateges uripé ngambang nyang kandhutané ibuné.
• Mijil: Ateges wis lair lan wis cetha priya utawa wanita.
• Sinom: Ateges kanoman, minangka kalodhangan sing paling wigati kanggoné wong anom supaya bisa ngangsu kawruh sak akèh-akèhé.
• Kinanthi: Saka tembung kanthi utawa nuntun kang ateges dituntun supaya bisa mlaku ngambah panguripan ing alam ndonya.
• Asmarandana: Ateges rasa tresna, tresna marang liyan (priya lan wanita lan kosok baliné) kang kabèh mau wis dadi kodrat Ilahi.
• Gambuh: Saka tembung jumbuh / sarujuk kang ateges yèn wis jumbuh / sarujuk banjur digathukaké antarane priya lan wanita sing padha nduwèni rasa tresna mau, ing pangangkah supaya bisaa urip bebrayan.
• Dhandhanggula: Nggambaraké uripé wong kang lagi seneng-senengé, apa kang digayuh bisa kasembadan. Kelakon duwé sisihan / bojo, duwé anak, urip cukup kanggo sak kulawarga. Mula kuwi wong kang lagi bungah / bombong atine, bisa diarani lagu ndandanggula.
• Durma: Saka tembung darma / wèwèh. Wong yen wis rumangsa kacukupan uripé, banjur tuwuh rasa welas asih marang kadang mitra liyané kang lagi nandang kacintrakan, mula banjur tuwuh rasa kepéngin darma / wèwèh marang sapadha - padha. Kabèh mau disengkuyung uga saka piwulangé agama lan watak sosialé manungsa.
• Pangkur: Saka tembung mungkur kang ateges nyingkiri hawa nepsu angkara murka. Kang dipikir tansah kepingin wèwèh marang sapadha - padha.
• Megatruh: Saka tembung megat roh utawa pegat rohe / nyawane, awit wis titi wanciné katimbalan marak sowan mring Sing Maha Kuwasa.
• Pocung: Yen wis dadi layon / mayit banjur dibungkus mori putih utawa dipocong sak durungé dikubur.

  Sekar Madya utawa Sekar Tengahan

  Macapat jenis iki kayadéné tembang Kidung kang asring dienggo rikala jaman Majapahit.
  
• Jurudemung
• Wirangrong
• Balabak

Sekar Ageng

 Sekar macapat Ageng (gedhé) mung ana siji, yaiku Girisa. Yen dideleng seka angèlé, sekar macapat ageng kaya tembang Kakawin ing jaman kuna.

Tabel Sekar

Supaya luwih gampang mbédakaké siji lan sijiné guru gatra, guru wilangan lan guru lagu saka tembang-tembang mau, bisa ditata jroning tabel kaya ing ngisor iki:

Sekar Macapat
Sekar Macapat	Guru gatra	Guru wilangan	Guru lagu
Mijil	6	10, 6, 10, 10, 6, 6	i, o, e, i, i ,u
Sinom	9	8, 8, 8, 8, 7, 8, 7, 8, 12	a, i, a, i, i, u ,a ,i, a
Dhandhanggula	10	10, 10, 8, 7, 9, 7, 6, 8, 12, 7	i, a, e, u, i, a, u ,a ,i, a
Kinanthi	6	8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8	u, i, a, i, a, i
Asmarandana	7	8, 8, 8, 8, 7, 8, 8	a, i, e, a, a, u, a
Durma	7	12, 7, 6, 7, 8, 5, 7,	a, i, a, a, i, a, i
Pangkur	7	8, 11, 8, 7, 12, 8, 8,	a, i, u, a, u, a, i
Maskumambang	4	12, 6, 8, 8	i, a, i, a, a
Pucung	4	12, 6, 8, 12	u, a, i, a
Jurudhemung	7	8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8	a, u, u, a, u, a, u
Wirangrong	6	8, 8, 10, 6, 7, 8	i, o, u, i, a, a
Balabak	6	12, 3, 12, 3, 12, 3	a, e, a, e, u, e
Gambuh	5	7, 10, 12, 8, 8	u, u, i, u, o
Megatruh	4	12, 8, 8, 8,	u, i, u, i, o
Girisa	8	8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8,	a, a, a, a, a, a, a, a

Tuladha

Sinom Pangéran kang sipat murah (8/a) Njurungi kajating dasih (8/i) Ingkang temen tinemenan (8/a) Pan iku ujaring dalil (8/i) Nyatané ana ugi (7/i) Iya Kiyageng ing Tarub (8/u) Wiwitané nenedha (7/a) Tan pedhot tumekèng siwi (8/i) Wayah buyut canggah warèngé kang tampa (12/a) Dhandhanggula Éling-éling pra kadang dèn éling (10/i) Uripira ing ndonya tan lama (10/a) Bebasan mung mampir ngombé (8/e) Cinecep nulya wangsul (7/u) Mring asalé sangkané nguni (9/i) Begja kang wus pana (7/a) Sangkan paranipun (6/u) Dedalan kang dèn ambah (8/a) Mrih rahayu lumampah margi utami (12/i) Sejatining kasidan (7/a)

Kinanthi Padha gulangen ing kalbu (8/u) Ing sasmita amrih lantip (8/i) Aja pijer mangan néndra (8/a) Kaprawiran dèn kaèsthi (8/i) Pesunen sariranira (8/a) Sudanen dhahar lan guling (8/i) Asmarandana Anjasmara ari mami (8/a) Masmirah kulaka warta (8/a) Anèng kuta Prabalingga (8/o) Prang tanding lan Wurubisma (8/a) Kariya slamet wong ayu (8/u) Pun kakang pamit palastra (8/a)

Megatruh Sigra milir sang gèthèk sinanggga bajul (12/u) Kawan dasa kang njagèni (8/i) Ing ngajeng miwah ing pungkur (8/u) Sinangga ing kanan kèring (8/i) Sang gèthèk lampahnya alon (8/o) Wirangrong Tan pantes akèh ngawruhi (8.i) Mulané lamun miraos (8/o) Dipun ngarah-arah ywa kabanjur (10/u) Yèn uwis kawijil (6/i) Tan kena tinututan (7/a) Mulané dipun prayitna (8/a)

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